Analyzing of Distribution, Standars and Percapita in Urban Green Space (Case Study: Boroujerd City)

Green urbanism probably contains the most similar ideas with sustainable urbanism. They both emphasize on urban design with nature, as well as shaping better communities and lifestyles. However, the principles of green urbanism are based on the triple-zero frameworks: zero fossil-fuel energy use, zero waste, and zero emissions. Sustainable Urbanism, on the other hand, is more focused on designing communities that are walk able and transit-served so that people will prefer to meet their daily needs on foot. In this research has been studied urban green space development process in Boroujerd city. Also, the aim of research, is achieving sustainable city. This study is applied and the research method is" descriptive – analytical". Also data collected is documents and field. In order to analyzing of data, was used spearman correlation and Bahram Soltani method .The findings show, percapita of green space isn’t well and far from with global standards. So, should be attempted in this issue. At finally was proposed percapita based on Bahram Soltani method. Keyword: Urban Green Space, Percapita, Bahram soltani method, Boroujerd city 1INTRODUCTION To transition from the sanitary city of the twentieth century to the sustainable city of the twenty-first, new knowledge needs to be developed and applied to understanding the role of nature in cities and in supplying the resource requirements for their growth. Cities are, of course, human creations, a big factor in contributing to the drivers of human ecological geochemical change (Vitousek, Mooney, Lubchenco, & Mellilo, 1997). This review suggests bridging between three distinct research paths concerned with urban areas and nature: urban ecosystem services, urban metabolism and urban political ecology. New Urbanism inspired Farr's definition of Sustainable Urbanism is based around bringing everything closer together, using higher quality goods, being more efficient, and having everything within walking distance, but Sustainable urbanism closes the loop. The criticism of New Urbanism is that it attempts to apply 19th century urban form to 21st century cities and that New Urbanism excludes economic diversity by creating expensive places to live that are highly privatized and controlled. One current articulation of city branding, in line with the increased focus on sustainable development, is the “green” city or environmentally-sustainable city brand. The word green, when used in a marketing sense, encompasses both an environmental policy and biophysical dimension. The environmental policy dimension of green addresses issues of sustainable urban development through a concern for pollution control, reduced carbon dioxide output and limited resource consumption (Kahn, 2006). The biophysical dimension of green celebrates the green space component of cities, highlighting the important role of urban vegetation in securing a high quality of life (Beatley, 2011). Thus a green city brand can be related to a vision for (1) increased urban environmental political oversight, an ambition to (2) focus on and develop urban biophysical Analyzing of Distribution, Standars and Percapita in Urban Green Space (Case Study: Boroujerd City) http://www.ijSciences.com Volume 4 – December 2015 (12) 2 qualities, or (3) both aspects combined in order to achieve a market advantage. 2LITERATURE REVIEW Since as early as the 1970s, researchers have been experimentally studying the influence of greenery on human attitudes and functioning. One of the main findings – for which a large body of empirical evidence has accumulated – is that natural (i.e. green) environments are consistently preferred over nongreen urban settings, or environments dominated by artifacts (for a review see Ulrich, 1993). Another important observation is that nature can have ‘healing’ effects on human individuals. One illustrative inquiry in this respect is Ulrich’s (1984) Science study, which reports that hospital patients that had undergone a gall-bladder operation recovered more rapidly and felt better when they had views on trees than when they viewed a brick wall from their hospital rooms (Ulrich, 1984). Since Ulrich’s pioneering inquiry, many environmental psychology studies have investigated and corroborated the beneficial or ‘restorative’ effects of vegetative elements (flowers, trees, plants) on human functioning and health (For reviews Ulrich, 1993; Van den Berg, 2005, 2009). Nowadays this field of inquiry is often referred to as ‘Restorative Environments Research’ (Van den Berg, 2009). Over the past two decades, two major interpretations of what constitutes a ‘restorative experience’ have dominated the restorative research literature. One interpretation is termed ‘Stress Recovery Theory’ (SRT), which has been advanced and elaborated by Roger Ulrich (see Ulrich et al. 1991; for early foundations of SRT see Ulrich, 1983). According to SRT, exposure to unthreatening nature leads to more positively-toned emotional states and is better able to bring physiological arousal in stressed individuals back to more moderate levels than environments devoid of natural elements. SRT has been corroborated by different empirical studies (e.g. Ulrich et al., 1991, 2003; Parsons et al., 1998; Hartig et al., 2003; Custers, 2006; Dijkstra et al., 2008). Quite often, these stress reducing effects are claimed to be rooted in our shared human evolutionary past, during which early humans were deeply dependent on nature for their subsistence and survival (see especially Ulrich, 1993; also Heerwagen and Orians, 1993; Lohr and Pearson-Mims, 2006). In particular, vegetative elements were a source of food and medicine, and offered early humans opportunities for prospect and refuge (e.g. from weather conditions or predators). Ulrich (1993) contends that individuals who genetically retained restorative responses (i.e. stress reduction) toward these natural elements had higher survival chances than those who had not evolved such a hardwired trait. This retention also explains why the stress-reducing effects of (unthreatening) nature are still widespread among modern-world individuals. (Note that greenery also positively impacts behavioral states that are closely related to stress, such as higher frustration tolerance (Cackowski and Nasar, 2003), prolonged pain tolerance (Lohr and Pearson-Mims, 2000), and alleviation of states of anger (Kweon et al., 2008).) Green spaces are as a complement of urban physical structure. These spaces are a type of urban land-use that has ecologic and social traits. On the other hand, today planning and design is adaption green space networks (leqaee, 1995). Today, urban green spaces are introduced as appropriate method for promotion of life quality due to impressive social and ecological influences (Barker, 1968). So, an urban green space is important issue due to creating beautiful landscape, also it is as obstacle air pollution in cities. Last years in Iran, don’t achieve sustainable cities especially in Tehran metropolitan due to development of cities without regard to infrastructure such as green spaces. In different section of cities exist problems such as air pollution, terrific, shortage of green spaces. Appropriate planning & effective management in urban green section are necessary for eliminating these problems. Effective management is led to promotion of human life quality in cities. Some countries in world are successful to decline shortage of green spaces by implementing different plans of developing green spaces. The propose of research is, promotion of quality of urban environment. 3RESEARCH METHOD The studied area is 17 of Boroujerd district. Boroujerd is a city in and capital of Boroujerd County, Lorestan Province in western Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 227,547 in 59,388 families. Among the existing modern cities in Iran, Boroujerd is one of the oldest reported at least since the 9th century. In Sassanid Empire, Boroujerd was a small town and region neighboring Nahavand. Gaining more attention during Great Seljuk Empire in the 9th and 10th centuries, Boroujerd stood as an industrial, commercial and strategic city in Zagros Mountains until the 20th century. In its golden ages, Boroujerd was selected as the state capital of Lorestan and Khuzestan region during Qajar dynasty in the 18th and 19th centuries. Today, Boroujerd is the second largest city of Lorestan; hence, the major industrial, tourist and cultural center of the region. The city has kept its old architecture and lifestyle mostly through mosques, bazaars and houses built in the Qajar era. Boroujerd city is located approximately 1670 meters above sea level and has a moderate climate with cold winters. The highest point is Garrin Mountain 3623 m above sea level and the lowest area is Gel Rood River in South with 1400 m elevation. Boroujerd Township has 2600 km2 area with approximately 400,000 inhabitants distributed in the city of Oshtorinan and more than 180 villages. Analyzing of Distribution, Standars and Percapita in Urban Green Space (Case Study: Boroujerd City) http://www.ijSciences.com Volume 4 – December 2015 (12) 3 Boroujerd is located on Silakhor Plain which is the largest agricultural land of Lorestan. The highelevated Zagros Mountains surround it from South East to North West and the peaks are covered with snow most of the times. Rural people work in farms or keep their domestic animals. Other people work in governmental offices, armed forces, factories or small local businesses. The feet of Zagros Mountains is a great destination for nomads and many Lurs and Bakhtiari nomads move there in summer. The area is paved with highways and is a crossroad between Tehran and Khuzestan Province as well as Isfahan Province and Kermanshah Province. This research is applied. Research method is "descriptive – analytical". At first, was studied area of green space between seventeen districts. In order to analyzing data was used Bahram Solta


1-INTRODUCTION
To transition from the sanitary city of the twentieth century to the sustainable city of the twenty-first, new knowledge needs to be developed and applied to understanding the role of nature in cities and in supplying the resource requirements for their growth. Cities are, of course, human creations, a big factor in contributing to the drivers of human ecological geochemical change (Vitousek, Mooney, Lubchenco, & Mellilo, 1997). This review suggests bridging between three distinct research paths concerned with urban areas and nature: urban ecosystem services, urban metabolism and urban political ecology.
New Urbanism inspired Farr's definition of Sustainable Urbanism is based around bringing everything closer together, using higher quality goods, being more efficient, and having everything within walking distance, but Sustainable urbanism closes the loop. The criticism of New Urbanism is that it attempts to apply 19th century urban form to 21st century cities and that New Urbanism excludes economic diversity by creating expensive places to live that are highly privatized and controlled.
One current articulation of city branding, in line with the increased focus on sustainable development, is the "green" city or environmentally-sustainable city brand. The word green, when used in a marketing sense, encompasses both an environmental policy and biophysical dimension. The environmental policy dimension of green addresses issues of sustainable urban development through a concern for pollution control, reduced carbon dioxide output and limited resource consumption (Kahn, 2006).
The biophysical dimension of green celebrates the green space component of cities, highlighting the important role of urban vegetation in securing a high quality of life (Beatley, 2011). Thus a green city brand can be related to a vision for (1) increased urban environmental political oversight, an ambition to (2) focus on and develop urban biophysical qualities, or (3) both aspects combined in order to achieve a market advantage.

2-LITERATURE REVIEW
Since as early as the 1970s, researchers have been experimentally studying the influence of greenery on human attitudes and functioning. One of the main findingsfor which a large body of empirical evidence has accumulatedis that natural (i.e. green) environments are consistently preferred over nongreen urban settings, or environments dominated by artifacts (for a review see Ulrich, 1993). Another important observation is that nature can have 'healing' effects on human individuals. One illustrative inquiry in this respect is Ulrich's (1984) Science study, which reports that hospital patients that had undergone a gall-bladder operation recovered more rapidly and felt better when they had views on trees than when they viewed a brick wall from their hospital rooms (Ulrich, 1984 Ulrich et al. 1991; for early foundations of SRT see Ulrich, 1983). According to SRT, exposure to unthreatening nature leads to more positively-toned emotional states and is better able to bring physiological arousal in stressed individuals back to more moderate levels than environments devoid of natural elements. SRT has been corroborated by different empirical studies (e.g. Ulrich et al., 1991Ulrich et al., , 2003Parsons et al., 1998;Hartig et al., 2003;Custers, 2006;Dijkstra et al., 2008). Quite often, these stress reducing effects are claimed to be rooted in our shared human evolutionary past, during which early humans were deeply dependent on nature for their subsistence and survival (see especially Ulrich, 1993; also Heerwagen and Orians, 1993;Lohr and Pearson-Mims, 2006). In particular, vegetative elements were a source of food and medicine, and offered early humans opportunities for prospect and refuge (e.g. from weather conditions or predators). Ulrich (1993) contends that individuals who genetically retained restorative responses (i.e. stress reduction) toward these natural elements had higher survival chances than those who had not evolved such a hardwired trait. This retention also explains why the stress-reducing effects of (unthreatening) nature are still widespread among modern-world individuals. (Note that greenery also positively impacts behavioral states that are closely related to stress, such as higher frustration tolerance (Cackowski and Nasar, 2003), prolonged pain tolerance (Lohr and Pearson-Mims, 2000), and alleviation of states of anger (Kweon et al., 2008).) Green spaces are as a complement of urban physical structure. These spaces are a type of urban land-use that has ecologic and social traits. On the other hand, today planning and design is adaption green space networks (leqaee, 1995). Today, urban green spaces are introduced as appropriate method for promotion of life quality due to impressive social and ecological influences (Barker, 1968). So, an urban green space is important issue due to creating beautiful landscape, also it is as obstacle air pollution in cities.
Last years in Iran, don't achieve sustainable cities especially in Tehran metropolitan due to development of cities without regard to infrastructure such as green spaces. In different section of cities exist problems such as air pollution, terrific, shortage of green spaces. Appropriate planning & effective management in urban green section are necessary for eliminating these problems. Effective management is led to promotion of human life quality in cities. Some countries in world are successful to decline shortage of green spaces by implementing different plans of developing green spaces. The propose of research is, promotion of quality of urban environment.

3-RESEARCH METHOD
The studied area is 17 of Boroujerd district. Boroujerd is a city in and capital of Boroujerd County, Lorestan Province in western Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 227,547 in 59,388 families. Among the existing modern cities in Iran, Boroujerd is one of the oldest reported at least since the 9th century. In Sassanid Empire, Boroujerd was a small town and region neighboring Nahavand. Gaining more attention during Great Seljuk Empire in the 9th and 10th centuries, Boroujerd stood as an industrial, commercial and strategic city in Zagros Mountains until the 20th century. In its golden ages, Boroujerd was selected as the state capital of Lorestan and Khuzestan region during Qajar dynasty in the 18th and 19th centuries. Today, Boroujerd is the second largest city of Lorestan; hence, the major industrial, tourist and cultural center of the region. The city has kept its old architecture and lifestyle mostly through mosques, bazaars and houses built in the Qajar era. Boroujerd city is located approximately 1670 meters above sea level and has a moderate climate with cold winters. The highest point is Garrin Mountain 3623 m above sea level and the lowest area is Gel Rood River in South with 1400 m elevation. Boroujerd Township has 2600 km² area with approximately 400,000 inhabitants distributed in the city of Oshtorinan and more than 180 villages.
Boroujerd is located on Silakhor Plain which is the largest agricultural land of Lorestan. The highelevated Zagros Mountains surround it from South East to North West and the peaks are covered with snow most of the times. Rural people work in farms or keep their domestic animals. Other people work in governmental offices, armed forces, factories or small local businesses. The feet of Zagros Mountains is a great destination for nomads and many Lurs and Bakhtiari nomads move there in summer. The area is paved with highways and is a crossroad between Tehran and Khuzestan Province as well as Isfahan Province and Kermanshah Province.
This research is applied. Research method is "descriptiveanalytical". At first, was studied area of green space between seventeen districts. In order to analyzing data was used Bahram Soltani method. Prof. Bahram Soltani has been proposed method for determining percapita based on environmental condition each area. Also , was used from Spearman correlation and T-Test method in order to considering relation between valuables ( green space and population ).

4-DATA ANALYZE
4-1-Descriptive statistic Per capita of green space is difference between cities according to its climate, location and geographical position. Table 1        In part of paper, was analyzed data by T-Test. In order to, evaluation of relationship between the population and the rate of green space areas of the seventeen districts of Boroujerd city.
According to assessments made capita green space in the city during the last two decades has had a relatively better growth, but still more areas of the city, far from achieving a comprehensive and detailed plan of the proposed per capita equal to the lowest standard of Ministry of housing and Urban Development, the 7 square meters per person there. The other half of the per capita green area of green space park. Although non-park green space in urban air and television are effective but do not have much value in terms of social functioning and mental health. Therefore, the actual green space per capita (per capita park) is 8.1 square meters. So, in order to better assessment, was calculated T-Test. also, was calculated T-Test by 4 degrees of freedom, significant level of 0.001, higher than the 95% confidence  Table 4: evaluation of relationship between the population and the rate of green space areas of the seventeen districts of Boroujerd city According to table 4, there is significant difference between population and the rate of green space areas of the seventeen districts of Boroujerd city.it means, there isn't adaptability between seventeen districts population average and Average rate of green space.

Hypothesis test
H0: there isn't significant relationship between population and rate of green space.
H1: there is significant relationship between population and rate of green space. If significant level (sig) is greater than 0.05 has been concluded H0 .Also, if significant level (sig) is less than 0.05 has been concluded H1. According   The average of temperature in Boroujerd city is 28.8, so the coefficient of green space is 2. After that, should be determined environment qualify. In order to calculating this item, was studied two factors. There are air and nose pollution (table6). In order to assessing air quality was used PSI indicators.  In this formula:

Standard indicator PSI
: Climate coefficient of green space (average of maximum temperature) =2 : Environment quality and green space coefficient = 1 : Person / room coefficient = 1 Proposed percapita= ∑( + + ) × = Therefore, proposed per capita according mentioned method is 28 m 2 for each person. Also, the area of green space is 4756000 now, based on percapita there is 4204000 shortages. On the other hand, proposed green space area is 8960000.

CONCLUSION
Today, human need peace in every condition. The main propose of urban green spaces is their social effects, also creating relation between human and nature. Urban green spaces have important effects in human life such as: improving residential environment, preventing of air pollutions and etc. Urban green space, create balance between building and natural systems; also it is appropriate place for leisure time in our cities.
Public land uses in many cities especially urban green spaces aren't successful due to some factors such as: high population density, imbalance in land use location, neglect to redial access for providing services and etc. Today, it isn't enough that we increase service centers also effort to achieve the standard and urban per capita because it is possible that all citizen haven't appropriate access to land use (parks & urban green space) due to imbalance of their location. Due to urbanism phenomenon grow sharply, so analyzing of appropriate location and its geographical distribution is very useful in development and future of cities.
Two big challenges exist to approaching cities as complex systems. One is that of nature. The shift to acknowledging that cities have their own novel