Statistical Analysis of HIV/AIDS Awareness of Mothers: Ante-Natal Clinic of Braithwaite Memorial Specialist Hospital (BMH)

This study was conducted to analyse the HIV/AIDS awareness levels of mothers in Rivers state using mothers attending the Ante-natal clinic of the Braithwaite Memorial (BMH specialist) Hospital, Port Harcourt in Rivers State and the influence of their social demographic variables. This Descriptive cross sectional study was carried out among 344 Pregnant Mothers attending BMH Ante-natal clinic from June 2, 2015 to July 29, 2015. Simple random sampling method was applied to collect data which were analysed with simple percentage calculations and the chisquare test using SPSS.Higher percentage of the respondents were within the active reproductive age-group of 26-35 (57%), most of them are married and living with their husband (84.3%), also 58.7% of them have attained tertiary educational level and are predominantly Christians (94.3%), 35% of them are selfemployed and mostly reside in urban area (96%), finally 52% of them have at least a child. The chi-square X test result indicated that majority of the respondent have a high level of awareness on HIV/AIDS (96%). The result further showed that there were significant association between the Marital status, Educational level, Parity and the Respondents’ Level of awareness of HIV/AIDS, whereas, there were no significant association between Age, Religion inclination, Occupation , Residence and the Respondents’ HIV/AIDS level of awareness. 1.0 INTRODUCTION The First case of HIV/AIDS was reported in 1981 in the U.S.A, but its causative agent Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) was first described in 1983 by Prof. Montagnier of the Pasteur Institute in Paris. The disease has ever since evolved into a global Epidemic with devastating Public health and Economic consequences, as described by Quinn (1996) and Gottlieb (2001). World Health Organization (WHO) in 2012 estimated that HIV/AIDS has claimed the lives of more than 25million people and infected another 40million worldwide with 70% in the Sub-Saharan Africa and of which 3.4millions are Nigerians. Thus leaving 15million orphans, a group uniquely susceptible to infection because of their social plight. United Nations and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (UNAIDS) in 2005 indicated that the global epidemic continues to outpace efforts to contain it, signifying a worldwide catastrophe. Nigeria recorded its first case in Calabar, Cross Rivers State in 1986 and has also shown highest prevalence in urban areas, the North central zones, Benue state and among the 30-34 years age group. According to National Agency for the Control of AIDS (NACA) fact sheet as at 2011, Its prevalence has declined among the Youth age group 15-24 from 6percent in 2001 to 4.3percent in 2005, 4.2percent in 2008 and 4.1percent in 2010. Also In 2011, NACA announced that more than 80percent of HIV transmission in Nigeria is through heterosexual sex. The drivers of the epidemic in Nigeria include high illiteracy; high rate of sexually transmitted infections in vulnerable groups, poverty, Low condom use and General lack of perceived personal risk. Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission (PMTCT) in 2015 revealed that Vertical or Mother to child transmission of HIV accounts for 10percent of its mode of transmission and accounts for 90percent of Paediatric HIV/AIDS cases, and that without an intervention, approximately 20-45percent infants born to HIV positive Mothers acquire the infection during pregnancy, delivery or breastfeeding. NACA fact sheet (2011) showed that PMTCT Programs and Interventions commenced in Nigeria in 2001 with the establishment of over 640 sites in Statistical Analysis of HIV/AIDS Awareness of Mothers: Ante-Natal Clinic of Braithwaite Memorial Specialist Hospital (BMH) http://www.ijSciences.com Volume 4 – December 2015 (12) 31 Nigeria, in order to reduce the incidence of HIV transmission from mother to child by 2015 which is in line with the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) Braithwaite Memorial Hospital (BMH) is a Government owned hospital situated in the heart of Port Harcourt of Rivers state and delivers tertiary Health care services to its neighbouring communities. According to Ibinabo (2009), BMH fulfils the Government of Nigeria generally accepted standards with respect to Prevention of Mother to child transmission by offering Pre-and Post-HIV test counselling for pregnant women, counselling HIVpositive women on infant feeding practices, and providing prophylactic Highly Active Anti-retroviral Therapy (HAART) to HIV positive women during pregnancy and delivery, by giving Zidovudine/Nevirapine syrups to the Neonates and Family Planning. Nigeria in its global partnership with other International communities along side with NonGovernmental Organizations have stepped up strategies geared towards the prevention and control of the scourge in our communities over the years which include the PMTCT. Multiple factors have been identified which contribute to the amplification of HIV infections in Nigeria these include high illiteracy, high rate of sexually transmitted infections among vulnerable groups, inconsistent use of condoms etc. In view of the above, this study seeks to analyse the HIV/AIDS Awareness of mothers and how their social demographic variables influence their awareness with particular reference to Braithwaite Memorial Specialist Hospital (BMH), Port Harcourt, Rivers State. Section two and three gives brief history of the hospital and method of data collection respectively. Methodology, analyses and summaries are presented in section four, five, and six respectively, whereas section seven is the conclusion. 2 BRIEF HISTORY OF THE HOSPITAL This study is confined to Braithwaite Memorial (Specialist) Hospital, Port Harcourt in Rivers State of Nigeria. Braithwaite Memorial (Specialist) Hospital is a Rivers State government owned hospital under the management of the Rivers State Hospitals Management Board and located at #5 Harley Street, Forces Avenue, Old GRA, Port Harcourt in Rivers State. It is a tertiary health institution with over 250 beds and renders health care services in Paediatrics, Internal Medicine, Surgery and Obstetrics/Gynaecology to the catchment areas. In the Obstetrics unit, it further renders prenatal services, Antenatal services, Postnatal services, PMTCT, Family Planning etc. 3 POPULATION OF THE STUDY AND METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION The population of the study comprises of the Cross Section of pregnant mothers attending the Ante-natal clinic of BMH between the periods of June 2, 2015 to July 29, 2015. The mothers are aged 15 to 46years and have attained various levels of Educational qualification with different religious inclination and reside within Port Harcourt and its environs. The Ante-natal register showed that a total of 3,368 registered in the Ante-natal clinic. Since the researcher could not interview the entire attendees of the various Ante-natal clinics in the hospital, the researcher used the simple random sampling technique to select the population for this study. The researcher with the assistance of few midwives administered the questionnaires only to mothers of second contact to the Ante-natal clinic, who were available at the period under review. Personal interview sessions were also held to explain and simplify the sections in the questionnaires which were not clear to them. First timer Ante-natal mothers were excluded from this study. The researcher was able to reach 350 respondents since it was not possible to interview the entire population. Out of the 350 questionnaires that were administered, 347 were returned, and 3 out of the returned 347 were condemned by the researcher because they were not properly filled, hence a total of 344 questionnaires only were used as sample size for the study. However, the data were from primary sources. Questionnaire was the main research instrument and it was divided into two sections. Section A was designed to provide information on personal data of the respondents, while section B consist of itemized questions aimed at eliciting appropriate responses from the respondents and arranged on a Likert Scale, with respect to level of awareness. Question one to seven cover social demographic variables; while question eight to seventeen cover level of awareness. The likert scale categorized the level of awareness into three such as Low, Moderate and High. 4 METHODOLOGY This chapter presents the procedures adopted in the study and they include the research method, population of the study, methods of data collection, analysis and interpretation. 4.1 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Statistical Analysis of HIV/AIDS Awareness of Mothers: Ante-Natal Clinic of Braithwaite Memorial Specialist Hospital (BMH) http://www.ijSciences.com Volume 4 – December 2015 (12) 32 The study adopted a descriptive statistics such as, pie chart, bar chart and data collected were analysed using simple percentage and the research hypothesis were tested using CHI-SQUARE (X) analysis on SPSS. 4.2 TEST STATISTIC The test statistic is:         2 1 , 1 , 1 2 2        c r k


INTRODUCTION
The First case of HIV/AIDS was reported in 1981 in the U.S.A, but its causative agent Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) was first described in 1983 by Prof. Montagnier of the Pasteur Institute in Paris. The disease has ever since evolved into a global Epidemic with devastating Public health and Economic consequences, as described by Quinn (1996) and Gottlieb (2001).
World Health Organization (WHO) in 2012 estimated that HIV/AIDS has claimed the lives of more than 25million people and infected another 40million worldwide with 70% in the Sub-Saharan Africa and of which 3.4millions are Nigerians. Thus leaving 15million orphans, a group uniquely susceptible to infection because of their social plight. United Nations and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (UNAIDS) in 2005 indicated that the global epidemic continues to outpace efforts to contain it, signifying a worldwide catastrophe.
Nigeria recorded its first case in Calabar, Cross Rivers State in 1986 and has also shown highest prevalence in urban areas, the North central zones, Benue state and among the 30-34 years age group. According to National Agency for the Control of AIDS (NACA) fact sheet as at 2011, Its prevalence has declined among the Youth age group [15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24]  Also In 2011, NACA announced that more than 80percent of HIV transmission in Nigeria is through heterosexual sex. The drivers of the epidemic in Nigeria include high illiteracy; high rate of sexually transmitted infections in vulnerable groups, poverty, Low condom use and General lack of perceived personal risk.
Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission (PMTCT) in 2015 revealed that Vertical or Mother to child transmission of HIV accounts for 10percent of its mode of transmission and accounts for 90percent of Paediatric HIV/AIDS cases, and that without an intervention, approximately 20-45percent infants born to HIV positive Mothers acquire the infection during pregnancy, delivery or breastfeeding.
Nigeria, in order to reduce the incidence of HIV transmission from mother to child by 2015 which is in line with the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) Braithwaite Memorial Hospital (BMH) is a Government owned hospital situated in the heart of Port Harcourt of Rivers state and delivers tertiary Health care services to its neighbouring communities.
According to Ibinabo (2009), BMH fulfils the Government of Nigeria generally accepted standards with respect to Prevention of Mother to child transmission by offering Pre-and Post-HIV test counselling for pregnant women, counselling HIVpositive women on infant feeding practices, and providing prophylactic Highly Active Anti-retroviral Therapy (HAART) to HIV positive women during pregnancy and delivery, by giving Zidovudine/Nevirapine syrups to the Neonates and Family Planning.
Nigeria in its global partnership with other International communities along side with Non-Governmental Organizations have stepped up strategies geared towards the prevention and control of the scourge in our communities over the years which include the PMTCT. Multiple factors have been identified which contribute to the amplification of HIV infections in Nigeria these include high illiteracy, high rate of sexually transmitted infections among vulnerable groups, inconsistent use of condoms etc.
In view of the above, this study seeks to analyse the HIV/AIDS Awareness of mothers and how their social demographic variables influence their awareness with particular reference to Braithwaite Memorial Specialist Hospital (BMH), Port Harcourt, Rivers State.
Section two and three gives brief history of the hospital and method of data collection respectively. Methodology, analyses and summaries are presented in section four, five, and six respectively, whereas section seven is the conclusion. It is a tertiary health institution with over 250 beds and renders health care services in Paediatrics, Internal Medicine, Surgery and Obstetrics/Gynaecology to the catchment areas. In the Obstetrics unit, it further renders prenatal services, Antenatal services, Postnatal services, PMTCT, Family Planning etc.

POPULATION OF THE STUDY AND METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION
The population of the study comprises of the Cross Section of pregnant mothers attending the Ante-natal clinic of BMH between the periods of June 2, 2015 to July 29, 2015. The mothers are aged 15 to 46years and have attained various levels of Educational qualification with different religious inclination and reside within Port Harcourt and its environs.
The Ante-natal register showed that a total of 3,368 registered in the Ante-natal clinic. Since the researcher could not interview the entire attendees of the various Ante-natal clinics in the hospital, the researcher used the simple random sampling technique to select the population for this study. The researcher with the assistance of few midwives administered the questionnaires only to mothers of second contact to the Ante-natal clinic, who were available at the period under review. Personal interview sessions were also held to explain and simplify the sections in the questionnaires which were not clear to them. First timer Ante-natal mothers were excluded from this study.
The researcher was able to reach 350 respondents since it was not possible to interview the entire population. Out of the 350 questionnaires that were administered, 347 were returned, and 3 out of the returned 347 were condemned by the researcher because they were not properly filled, hence a total of 344 questionnaires only were used as sample size for the study.
However, the data were from primary sources. Questionnaire was the main research instrument and it was divided into two sections. Section A was designed to provide information on personal data of the respondents, while section B consist of itemized questions aimed at eliciting appropriate responses from the respondents and arranged on a Likert Scale, with respect to level of awareness.
Question one to seven cover social demographic variables; while question eight to seventeen cover level of awareness. The likert scale categorized the level of awareness into three such as Low, Moderate and High.

4
METHODOLOGY This chapter presents the procedures adopted in the study and they include the research method, population of the study, methods of data collection, analysis and interpretation.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
The study adopted a descriptive statistics such as, pie chart, bar chart and data collected were analysed using simple percentage and the research hypothesis were tested using CHI-SQUARE (X 2 ) analysis on SPSS.

TEST STATISTIC
The test statistic is:   Table 5.3 above shows that 84.3% of the respondents are married women that are living with their husbands, followed by 8.1% of the respondents representing single mother, whereas, married women that are not living with their husbands, make up 3.1% of the respondents followed very closely by women that are separated from their husbands which are 3% and 5 women out of the 344 respondents are divorced and gave 1.5% Representing the above on a pie chart gives: The bar chart of the above The pie chart of the above table gives: The above frequency is also represented in a bar graph below:

UP RT
The above is also represented in a bar chart which gives: The above is also represented in a bar chart as shown below:

DECISION RULE:
Reject the Null Hypothesis (Ho) if P-value is less than α = 0.05 (95% level of significance) or reject Ho if X 2 cal >X 2 (r-1)(c-1) and accept if otherwise.