Author(s)
Author(s): M. O. Aremu, Hashim Ibrahim, Titilayo Oluwayemisi Bamidele, Rasaq Bolakale Salau, Francis Jide Faleye, Benjamin Zobada Musa
Download Full PDF
Read Complete Article
DOI: 10.18483/ijSci.1811
~ 112
` 464
a 56-66
Volume 7 - Sep 2018
Abstract
This study determines the proximate, mineral, amino acid and anti-nutritional compositions of shea (Vitellaria paradoxa) kernel and pulp using standard analytical methods. The result showed that the contents of crude fat and protein in the kernel are higher than that of the pulp. The only minerals whose values ranged between 40.0 to 200 mg/100 g were P, Ca and Na for the kernel and pulp samples but values of other minerals (Mn, Fe, Zn, K, Cu and Mg) were below 10.00 mg/100 g on wet weight basis. Amino acid analysis of kernel and pulp showed concentrations of TAA (57.92 and 57.48 g/100 g crude protein), TEAA (27.10 and 19.04 g/100 g cp) and TNEAA (30.82 and 38.44 g/100 g cp). Arginine was the most concentrated EAA in both the kernel and pulp samples. Except for the alkaloid, the kernel sample contained higher concentrations of anti-nutritional factors than the pulp. Generally, Vitellaria paradoxa kernel and pulp contained nutritive minerals and sufficient proportions of EAAs however, supplementation of all the EAAs will be required in order to meet up with FAO/WHO dietary requirements. Also the high contents of some of their anti–nutrients may pose a nutritional problem in their consumption.
Keywords
Vitellaria paradoxa, Kernel, Pulp, Proximate, Minerals, Amino Acids, Anti-Nutrients
References
- Nahm, S.H., Juliani, R.H. and Simon, E.J. (2013). Quality characteristics of shea butter - Vitellaria paradoxa. In: African Natural Plant Products Volume II: Discoveries and Challenges in Chemistry, Health, and Nutrition; Juliani, H. et al.; ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, pp: 167 – 184.
- Moharram, H., Julie, R., Sibel, O., Hector, J. and James, S. (2006). Shea Butter: Chemistry, Quality, and New Market Potentials. In Herbs: Challenges in Chemistry and Biology; Wang, M. et al.; ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, pp: 324 – 340.
- Chalfin, B. (2004). Shea Butter Republic: State Power, Global Markets, and the Making of an Indigenous Commodity. New York, USA: Routledge, pp: 1 – 40.
- Obioma, U.N., Frank, U.E., Ikpendu, C.O. and Michael, U.A. (2000). Compositional and toxicological studies on shea butter. J. Nutraceuticals, Functional & Med. Foods, 2(3): 33 – 39.
- Gilani, G.S., Cockell, K.A. and Sepehr, E. (2005). Effects of antinutritional factors on protein digestibility and amino acid availability in foods. JAOAC Int., 88: 967 – 987.
- Sarwar, G. and Brule, D. (1991). Assessment of the uricogenic potential of processed foods based on the nature and quantity of dietary purines. Prog. Food Nutr. Sci., 15: 159 – 181.
- Audu, S. S. and Aremu, M.O. (2011). Nutritional composition of raw and processed pinto bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) grown in Nigeria. J. Food Agric Environ, 9(3&4): 72 – 80.
- Keay R.W.J. (1986). Trees of Nigeria. Clarendon Press, Oxford, p. 476.
- Warra, A.A. (2011). Cosmetic Potentials of African Shea Nut (Vitellaria paradoxa) Butter. Current Res. in Chem., 1 – 7.
- Umobong E.A. (2006). How to profit from the massive shea butter export boom! Success Digest., pp. 8-11.
- AOAC (2007). Official Methods of Analysis. 18th Edition, Association of Official Analytical chemists, Gaithersburg.
- Pearson, D. (1976). Chemical Analysis of Foods. 7th edn. J and A Churchill, London, UK, pp. 7–11.
- FAO/WHO (1991). Protein Quality Evaluation Report of Joint FAO/WHO Expert Consultative FAO, Food and Nutrient.
- Freidman, M. and Finely, J.W. (1971). Methods of tryptophan analysis. J. Agric. Food Chem., 19: 626–631.
- Olaofe, O. and Akintayo, E.T. (2000). Prediction of isoelectric points of legume and oil seed proteins from amino acid composition. J. Technoscience, 4: 49-53.
- Alsmeyer, R.H., Cunningham, A.E. and Happich, M.L. (1974). Equation to predict (PER) from amino acid analysis. Food Technology, 28: 34 – 38.
- Bradbury, M.G., Egen, S.V. and Bradbury, J.H. (1999). Determination of all forms of cyanogens in cassava roots and cassava products using picrate paperkits. J. Sci. Food Agric., 79: 593 – 601.
- Olonisakin, A., Aremu, M.O. and Omonigbehin, E.A. (2004). Phytochemical and antimicrobial investigations of extractive from Phyllantus amarus. Biosci. Biotech. Res.,Asia,
- 2(1): 33 – 36.
- Paul, A. and Southgate, D. (1978). The Composition of Foods. 4th Edn. Eleservier, North
- Kilgore, O.F.G. Mastering Nutrients. Macmillan Education Ltd. London, UK, 1987, pp. 95 – 96.
- Apiamu, A., Evuen, F.U., Igunbor, C.O. and Ozemoya, O.M. (2015). In vitro assessment of proximate and phytochemical quantifications of some edible fruits. Nig. J. Pharmac. and Appl. Sci. Res., 4(1): 1 – 9.
- Ogunlade, I., Ilugbiyin, A. and Osasona, I.A. (2011). Comparative study of proximate composition, anti-nutrient composition and functional properties of Pachira glabra and Afzelia africana seed flours. Afr. J. Food Sci., 5(1): 32 – 35.
- Amoo, I.A. and Agunbiade, F.O. (2009). Some nutrient and anti–nutrient components of Pterygota macrocarpa. The Pacific J. Sci. and Techn., 10(2): 949 – 955.
- Ajayi, O.B., Akomolafe, S.F. and Adefioye, A. (2014). Proximate analysis, mineral contents, amino acid composition, anti-nutrients and phytochemical screening of Brachystegia eurycoma Harms and Pipper guineense Schum and Thonn. Am. J. Food and Nutr., 2(1): 11 -17.
- Akoja, S.S. and Amoo, I.A. (2011). Proximate composition of some under-exploited leguminous crop seeds. Pak. J. Nutr., 10(2): 143 – 146.
- Ibrahim, H., Aremu, M.O., Onwuka, J.C., Atolaiye, B.O. and Muhammad, J. (2016). Amino acid composition of pulp and seed of baobab (Adansonia digitata L.). FUW Trends in Sci. & Techn. J., 1(1): 74 – 79.
- Ogbuagu, M.N. and Agu, B. (2008). Fruit nutritive composition of Maesobotrya barteri, an under-exploited tropical African tree. Fruits, 63(6): 357 – 361.
- Ogbe, A.O. and John, P.A. (2012). Proximate study, mineral and anti-nutrient composition of Moringa oleifera leaves harvested from Lafia, Nigeria: Potential benefits in poultry nutrition and health. J. Microbio., Biotech. and Food Sci., 1(3): 296 – 308.
- Aremu, M.O., Oko, O.J., Ibrahim, H., Basu, S.K., Andrew, C. and Ortutu, S.C. (2015). Compositional evaluation of pulp and seed of blood plum (Haematostaphis barteri), a wild tree found in Taraba State, Nigeria. Advances in Life Sci. and Techn., 33: 9 – 17.
- Aremu, M.O., Olaofe, O. and Akintayo, E.T. (2006). Mineral and amino acid compostion of two varieties of bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranean) and Kersting’s groundnut (Kerstingiella geocarpa) flour. Int. J. Chem., 16: 57 – 64.
- Sampaio, M.R., Marcos, K.S., Moraes, C.F.I. and Perez, H.V. (2009). Moisture adsorption behavior of biscuits formulated using wheat, oatmeal and passion fruit flour. J. Food Processing and Preserv., 33(1): 105 – 113.
- Ijeomah, A.U., Ugwuona, F.U. and Ibrahim, Y. (2012). Nutrient composition of three commonly consumed indigenous vegetables of north-central Nigeria. Nig. J. Agric., Food and Env., 8(1): 17 – 21.
- Tosh, S.M. and Yada, S. (2010). Dietary fibres in pulse seeds and fractions: Characterization, functional attributes, and applications. Food Research Int’l., 43: 450 – 460.
- Saldanha, L.G. (1995). Fiber in the diet of U.S. children: Results of national surveys. Paediatrics, 96: 994 – 996.
- UICC/WHO (2005). Global Action Against Cancer. UICC and WHO Publications Department, Geneva.
- Akachukwu, C.O. and Fawusi, M.O.A. (1995). Growth characteristic, yield and nutritive values of waterleaf. Discovery and Innovations, 7(2): 163 – 172.
- Suarez, F.L., Springfield, J., Furne, J.K., Lohrmann, T.T., Kerr, P.S. and Levitt, M.D. (1999). Gas production in humans ingesting soybean flour derived from beans naturally low in oligosaccharides. Am. J. Clinical Nutr., 69(1): 135 – 139.
- Ibrahim, T. A. and Fagbohun, E. D. (2012). Phytochemical and nutritive quality of dried seeds of Bacchhotzia coriacea. Greener Journal of Physical Sciences, 2: 185 – 191.
- Adeleke, R.O. and Abiodun, O.A. (2010). Chemical composition of three traditional vegetables in Nigeria. Pak. J. Nutr., 9(9): 858 – 860.
- Okullo, J.B.L., Omujal, F., Agea, J.G., Vuzi, P.C., Namutebi, A., Okello, J.B.A. and Nyanzi, S.A. (2010). Proximate and mineral composition of shea (Vitellaria paradoxa C.F. Gaertn) fruit pulp in Uganda. Afr. J. Food, Agric., Nutr. and Dev., 10(11): 4430 – 4443.
- Asaolu, S.S., Adefemi, O.S., Oyakilome, I.G., Ajibulu, K.E. and Asaolu, M.F. (2012). Proximate and mineral composition of Nigerian leafy vegetables. Journal of Food Research, 1(3): 214 – 218
- Arewande, J.O. and Borokini, F.B. (2010). Comparative study on chemical composition and functional properties of three Nigerian legumes (Jack beans, pigeon pea and cowpea). JETEAS, 1(1): 89 – 95.
- Oboh, H., Anthony, O. and Adeyinka, O. (2010). Glycemic response of some boiled legumes commonly eaten in Nigeria. Original Research Art., 1 – 7.
- Agunbiade, S.O., Amosu, A.M., Degun, A.M. and Omeonu, P.E. (2011). The physio-chemical and organoleptic properties of milk fabricated from Glycine max, vigna susterranean and sphegnostylis stenocarpa, J. Chem. Pharm. Res., 3(6): 918 – 924.
- Ene-Obong, H. N. (1992). Nutritional evaluation, composition pattern and processing of underutilized traditional foods particular reference to the African yambeans (Sphenostylis stenocarpa). Ph.D Thesis, Department of Home Science and Nutrition, University of Nigeria, Nsukka.
- Effiong, G.S., Ibia, T.O. and Udofia, U.S. (2009). Nutritive and energy values of some wild fruit spices in South -Eastern Nigeria. Electronic J. Env., Agric. and Food Chem., 8(10): 917 – 923.
- Ali, A. (2010). A comparative study of nutrients and mineral molar ratios of some plant foods with recommended dietary allowances. J. Food Sci. and Techn., 2(2): 104 - 108.
- Pamela, C.C., Richard, A.H. and Denise, R.F. (2005). Lippincotts illustrated Reviews Biochemistry 3rd ed., Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia, pp. 335 – 388.
- Elias, L. G., Cristales, F.R., Bressani, R. and Miranda, H. (1976). Chemical composition and nutritive value of some grain legumes nutrient. Abstract Revised (Series B/1977), 47: 603 – 864.
- Salunkhe, D.K., Kadam, S.S. and Chavan, J.K. (1985). CRC Postharvest Biotechnology of Food Legumes. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
- Maranz, S. and Wiesman, Z. (2004). Influence of climate on the tocopherol content of shea butter. J. Agric. Food Chem., 52: 2934–2937.
- Onimawo, I.A. (2002). Proximate composition and selected physicochemical properties of the seed, pulp and oil of soursop (Annona muricata). Plant Foods for Human Nutr., 57(2): 165 -171.
- Oyeleke, G.O., Salam, M.A. and Adetoro, R.O. (2012). Some aspects of nutrient analysis of seed, pulp and oil of Baobab (Adansonia digitata L.). IOSR J. of Env. Sci., Toxicol. and Food Techn., 1(4): 32 – 35.
- FAO (1990). Traditional food plants, Food Agric. Organisation of United Nation Nutritional Paper, 42: 593.
- Aremu, M.O., Olaofe, O. and Akintayo, E.T. (2006). Chemical composition and physicochemical characteristics of two varieties of bambara groundnut (Vigna subterrenea) flours. J. Applied Sciences, 6(9): 1900 – 1903.
- Fleck, H. (1976). Introduction to Nutrition. 3rd edn. Macmillian Publishing Co. Inc. New York NY, pp. 207–219.
- Shills, M.E. (1973). Magnesium. In: Fleck, H. (ed.), Introduction to Nutrition, 3rd edn. Macmillian Publishing Co. Inc., New York NY, p. 215.
- Shills, M.Y.G. and Young, U.R (1992). Modern nutrition in health and disease. In: Nieman, D.C., Butterworth, D.E. and Nieman, C.N. (eds.). Nutrition. WmC, Brown Publishers, Dubuque, I.A., pp. 276–282.
- Adeyeye, E.I. and Aremu, M.O. (2016). Chemical composition of whole shrimp, flesh and shell of Pandalas borealis) from Lagos atlantic ocean. FUW Trends in Sci. and Techn. J., 1(1): 26–32.
- Bonger, R.H., Bode-Boger, S.M., Mugge, A., Klenke, S., Brandes, R.,Dwenger, A. and Frollich, J.C. (1996). Supplementation of hypercholesterolemic rabbits with L-Arg reduces the vascular release of superoxide anions and restores NO production. Atherosclerosis, 117: 273 – 284.
- Robinson, D.E. (1987). Food Biochemistry and Nutritional Value. Longman Scientific and Technology, Burnmell, Haslow, England, pp. 327 – 328.
- Olaofe, O., Okiribiti, B.Y. and Aremu, M. O. (2008). Chemical evaluation of the nutritive value of smooth luffa (Luffa cylindrica) seed’s kernel. Electronic J. Env. and Agric. Food Chem., 7(10): 3444 – 3452.
- Olubunmi, A.O., Olaofe, O. and Akinyeye, R.O. (2015). Amino acid composition of ten commonly eaten indigenous leafy vegetables of south-west Nigeria. World J. Nutr. and Health, 3(1): 16 – 21.
- FAO/WHO/UNU (1985). Energy and Protein Requirements; Report of a Joint FAO/WHO/UNU Expert Consultation, WHO Tech Rep Ser no. 724. Geneva: WHO.
- Bingham, S., 1977. Dictionary of Nutrition, Barrie and Jenkins Limited, London, pp. 76-281.
- Gold, C.M. (2009). The nine essential amino acids. CMG Archives. http://campbelmgold.com.
- Arowora, K.A., Ezeonu, C.S., Imo, C. and Nkaa, C.G. (2017). Protein levels and amino acids composition in some leaf vegetables sold at Wukari in Taraba State, Nigeria. Int. J. Bio. Sci. and Applications, 4(2): 19 – 24.
- Audu, S.S. and Aremu, M.O. (2011). Effects of processing on chemical composition of red kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaries L.) flour. Pak. J. Nutri., 10(11): 1069 – 1075.
- Oyetayo, F.L. and Ojo, B.A. (2012). Food value and phytochemical composition of Luffa cylindrica seed flour. Am. J. Biochem., 2(6): 98 – 103.
- Aremu, M.O., Bamidele, T.O., Agere, H., Ibrahim, H. and Aremu, S.O. (2015). Proximate composition and amino acid profile of raw and cooked black variety of tiger nut (Cyperus esculentus L.) grown in northeast Nigeria. J. Bio., Agr. Healthcare, 5(7): 213 – 221.
- Kritchevsky, D., (1979). Vegetable protein and atherosclerosis. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 56: 135 – 140.
- Belvady, B. and Gopalem, C. (1969). The role of leucine in the pathogenesis of canine black tongue and pellagra. Lancet, 2: 956 – 957.
- Ghafoornissa, S. and Narasinga, B.S. (1973). Effect of leucine on enzymes of the tryptophan niacin metabolic pathway in rat liver and kidney. Biochemistry Journal, 134: 425 – 430.
- Pellet, P.L. and Young, V.R. (1998). Nutritional evaluation of protein foods, Report of a working group sponsored by the International Union of Nutritional Sciences and the United Nations University World Hunger Programme. The United Nations University.
- Adeyeye, E.I., Akinyeye, R.O., Ogunlade, I., Olaofe, O. and Boluwade, J.O. (2010). Effect of farm and industrial processing on the amino acid profile of cocoa beans. Food Chemistry J., 118: 337 – 363.
- Fathima, K.R., Soris, P.T. and Mohan, V.R. (2010). Nutritional and anti-nutritional assessment of Mucana puriens (L.) DC var. puriens an under–utilized tribal pulse. Advances in Bioresearch, 1(2): 79 – 89.
- Sobowale, S.S., Olatidoye, O.P., Olorode, O.O. and Akinlotan, J.V. (2011). Nutritional potentials and chemical value of some tropical leafy vegetables consumed in South West Nigeria. J. Sci. and Multidiscip. Res., 3: 55 – 65.
- FAO/WHO (1970). Amino acid content of foods and biological data in protein. FAO Nutritional Studies, No. 34, FAO, Rome.
- Adeyeye, E.I. (2006). Amino acids composition of fermented African locust bean (Parkia biglobosa) seeds. J. Appl. and Env. Sci., 2(2): 154 – 158.
- Adeyeye, E.I. and Afolabi, E.O. (2004). Amino acid composition of three different types of land snails consumed in Nigeria. Food Chemistry, 85(4): 535 – 539.
- Mendoza, C. (2002). Effect of genetically modified low phytic acid plants on mineral absorption. Int. J. Food Sci. & Techn., 37(7): 759 – 767.
- Audu, S.S., Aremu, M.O. and Lajide, L. (2013). Effects of processing on physicochemical and antinutritional properties of black turtle bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) seeds flour. Oriental J. Chem., 29(3): 979 – 989.
- Ogunkoya, M.O., Abulude, F.O. and Oni, A.B. (2006). Determination of anatomical, proximate, minerals, oxalate, tannin and phytate compositions in Cuban boa (Epicrates anquifer). Electronic J. Env. Agric. and Food Chem., 5(1): 1161 -1166.
- Soetan, K.O., Olaiya, C.O. and Oyewole, O.E. (2010). The importance of mineral elements for humans, domestic animals and plants: A review. Afr. J. Food Sci., 4(5): 200 – 222.
- Enijuigha, V.N. and Agbede, J.O. (2000). Nutritional and antinutrtional characteristics of African oil bean (Pentaclethra macrohylla Benth) seeds. Appl. Tropical Agric.., 5(1): 11 - 14.
- Mehansho, A., Buttler, L.G. and Carbon, D. M. (1987). Dietary tannin and salivary proline-rich proteins: interaction and defense mechanism. Annual Rev. Nutr., 7: 423 - 430.
- Aremu, M.O., Ibrahim, H. and Ekanem, B.E. (2016). Effect of processing on in–vitro protein digestibility and anti–nutritional properties of three underutilized legumes grown in Nigeria. British Biotech. J., 14(1): 1 – 10.
- Banno, N., Akihisa, T., Tokuda, H., Yasukawa, K., Higashihara, H., Ukiya, M., Watanabe, K., Kimura, Y., Hasegawa, J. and Nishino, H. (2004). Triterpene acids from the leaves of Perilla frutescenes and their anti-inflammatory and antitumour-promoting effects. Biosci. Biotechn. and Biochem., 68: 85 – 90.
- Shimoyamada, M., Ikedo, S., Ootsubo, R. and Watanabe, K. (1998). Effects of soybean saponins on chymotryptic hydrolyses of soybean protein. J. Agric. and Food Chem., 46: 4793 – 4797.
- Sen, S., Makkar, H.P. and Becker, K. (1998). Alfafa saponins and their implication in animal nutrition. J. Agric. and Food Chem., 46: 131 – 140.
- Coe, F.L., Evan, A. and Worcester, E. (2005). Kidney stone disease. J. Clin. Invest. 115(10): 2598 – 2608.
- Carnovale, E., Lugaro, E. and Marconi, E. (1991). Protein quality and antinutritional factors in wild and cultivated species of Vigna spp. Plant Foods Hum Nutr., 41: 11 – 20.
- Nolan, K.B., Duffin, P.A. and McWeeney, D.J. (1987). Effect of phytate on mineral bioavailability. In-vitro studies on Mg2+, Ca2+, Cu2+, Zn2+ and Fe3+ (also Cd2+) solubilities in the presence of phytate. J. Sci. and Food Agric., 40: 79 – 85.
- Priya, K.D., Pachiappan, C., Sylvia, J. and Aruna, R.M. (2011). Study of the effects of hydrogen cyanide exposure in Cassava workers. Indian J. Occup. Environ. Med., 15(3): 133 – 136.
- Owolabi, A.O., Ndidi, U.S., James, B.D. and Amune, F.A. (2012). Proximate, antinutrient and mineral composition of five varieties (improved and local) of cowpea, Vigna unguiculata, commonly consumed in Samaru community, Zaria-Nigeria. Asian J. Food Sci. Technol., 4: 70 – 72.
- Zafar, I.K., Kafeel, A., Asma, Z., Humayun, B., Abrar, H., Zile, H., Hazoor, A.S., Muhammad, S., Ghulam, H., Ijaz, R.N., Nudrat, A.A., Muhammad, A., Fahim, A., Irfan, M., Vincenzo, T., Mariano, F. and Eugenio, C. (2015). Assessment of poisonous and anti-nutritional compounds in wild edible forages consumed by ruminant species. J. Env. Sci. and Techn., 8(3): 91 – 101.
- Bolanle, A.O. and Adedayo,A. (2012). Comparative study on chemical compositions, phytochemical screening and physico-chemical properties of the seeds of Dioclea reflexa. Ultra Chem., 8: 251 – 264.
Cite this Article:
International Journal of Sciences is Open Access Journal.
This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) License.
Author(s) retain the copyrights of this article, though, publication rights are with Alkhaer Publications.