Organic Compounds in the GCMS Analysis of Methanolic Leaf Extract of Anogeissus leiocarpus

Author(s): Chidozie VN, Adoga GI

GCMS of n-butanolic leaf extract of anogeissus leiocarpus showed eleven peaks, indicating the presence of eleven compounds. Five of these compounds are fatty acids and their derivatives. Among these are palmitic acid, palmitic acid methyl ester, oleic acid, oleic acid methyl ester and stearic acid. Many fatty acids are known to have antibacterial and antifungal properties. Other compounds seen are phthalic acid and di-n-octyl phthalate. The GCMS result of anogeissus leiocarpus leaf extract validates the use in traditional medicine as antibacterial.

Anogeissus Leiocarpus Leaf, Traditional Medicine, Fatty Acids, Antibacterial, GCMS

1. Steentoft Margaret (1988). Flowering Plants in West Africa. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-26192-9.
2. Mann, A., Amupitan, J.O., Oyewale, A.O., Okogun, J.I. & Ibrahim, K.. (2007). An Ethnobotanical survey of indigenous flora for treating tuberculosis and other respiratory diseases in Niger State, Nigeria. Journal of PhytomedicineTherapy, 12: 1-12.
3. Ibrahim MB, Owonubi MO, Onaopo JA (1997). Antibacterial effect ofextractof leaf, stem and root bark of Anogeissus leiocarpus on some bacterial organisms. Journal of Pharmaceutical Research Development. 2(1):20-23.
4. Adigun, J.O., Amupitan, J.O. & Kelly, D.R. (2000). Isolation and investigation of antimicrobial effect of 3, 4, 3’ - tri-O-methylflavellagic acid and its glucoside from Anogeissus leiocarpus. Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Ethiopia 14(2): 169-174.
5. Adeleye, I.A., Oguniyi, A.A. & Omonigbehin, E.A. (2003). Antimicrobial Activity of Some Local Herbs on Common Skin Pathogens. Bioscience Research Communications, 15: 3. Ibrahim MB, Owonubi MO, Onaopo JA (1997). Antibacterial effect ofextractof leaf, stem and root bark of Anogeissus leiocarpus on some bacterial organisms. Journal of Pharmaceutical Research Development. 2(1):20-23 .
6. Machido, D.A. & Ado, S.A. (1999). Antibacterial activity of Anogeissus leiocarpus and Prosopis africana leaf and extracts. Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Development 4(1): 53-56.
7. Malcolm, S.A., & Sofowora, E.A. (1969). Antimicrobial activities of selected Nigerian Folk Remedies and their Constituent plants. Lloydia 32:512-517.
8. Johnbull, E.O. & Abdu, K. (2006). Screening of the extracts of Anogeissus leiocarpus for Antituberculosis against: The enzyme estimation approach. A paper presented at the 20th Annual International Conference of Chemistry Society of Nigeria on Chemistry and Global Development-Environmental Concern, Lagos, September 26-30th p.23.
9. Uba, A., Ibrahim, K., Agbo, E.B. & Makinde, A.A (2003). In vitro inhibition of Mycobacterium smegmatis ATCC607 and a clinical isolate of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by some Nigerian Medicinal Plants. Science Forum: Journal of Pure and Applied Science 6(2): 226-231.
10. Atawodi, S.E., Bulus, T., Ibrahim, S., Ameh, D.A., Nok, A.J., Mamman, M. & Galadima, M. (2003). In vitro trypanocidal effect of methanolic extract of some Nigerian savannah plants. African Journal of Biotechnology 2 (9): 317-321.
11. Chaabi, M., Benayache, S., Vonthron-Sénécheau, C., Weniger, B., Anton, R. & Lobstein, A.(2006). Antiprotozoal activity of saponins from Anogeissus leiocarpus (Combretaceae). International Congress and 54th Annual meeting of the Society for Medicinal Plant Research. Helsinki, Finland 27th August-2nd Sepember, Poster 1008. Planta Medica 72: 7.
12. Sanogo, R., Crisafi, G., Germanò, M.P., De Pasquale, R. & Bisignano, G. (1997). Evaluation of Malian traditional medicines: screening for antimicrobial activity. Phytotherapy Research 12 (S1): S154-S156.
13. Sanogo, R. (2005). Antifungal and Antioxidant Activities of 14 plants used in the Treatment of Sexually Transmitted Infections. A paper presented at Western Africa Network of Natural Products Research Scientists (WANNPRES), first scientific meeting August, 15-20, 2004.Accra, Ghana: A report. African Journal of Traditional, Complementary Alternative Medicine 2 (2): 177- 205.
14. Burkill, H.M. (1985). The Useful Plants of Tropical Africa, Vol. 1, 2nd ed., Royal Botanical Garden: Kew. 389.
15. Kupchan SM, Tsou G and Sigel CW.(1973) Datiscan, a novel cytotoxic cucurbitacin 20-acetate from Datiscan glomerata. Journal of Organic Chemistry 38(7): 1420-21.
16. Van-Wagenen BC, Larsen R, Cardellina JH, Randazzo D, Lidert ZC and Swithenbank C. (1993). Ulosantion, a potent insecticide from the sponge Ulosa ructzleri. Journal of Organic Chemistry. 58:335-337.
17. Benkendorff, K., Davis, A.R. & Rogers, C.N. (2005). Free fatty acids and sterols in the benthic spawn of aquatic mollusks and their associated antimicrobial properties. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 316:29-44.
18. Knapp, H.R. & Melly M.A. (1986). Bactericidal effects of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Journal of Infectious Disease, 154: 84-94.
19. Agoramoorthy, G., Chandrasekaran M., Venkatesalu V. & Hsu M.J. (2007). Antibacterial and antifungal activities of fatty acid methyl esters of the blind-your-eye mangrove from India. Brazilian Journal of Microbiology, 38:739-742.
20. Yff, B.T.S., Lindsey, K.L., Taylor M.B., Erasmus, D.G. & Jäger, A.K. (2002) The pharmacological screening of Pentanisia prunelloides and the isolation of the antibacterial compound palmitic acid. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 79: 101-107.
21. McGaw , L.J., Jäger, A.K. & van Staden, J. (2002). Antibacterial effects of fatty acids and related compounds
22. Sermakkani, M. & Thangapandian V. (2012). GC-MS Analysis of cassia italica leaf methanol extract. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research .Vol 5, Issue 2.
23. Seidel, V. & Taylor, P.W. (2004). In vitro activity of extracts and constituents of Pelagonium against rapidly growing mycobacteria. International Journal of. Antimicrobial. Agents., 23, 613-619.
24. Dilika, F., Brenner, P.D. & Meyer, J.J.M. (2000). Antibacterial activity of linoleic and oleic acids isolated from Helichrysum pedunculatum: a plant used during circumcision rites. Fitoterapia 71: 450-452.
25. Zheng, C.J., Yoo, J.S. & Lee, T.G. (2005). Fatty acid synthesis is a target for antibacterial activity of unsaturated fatty acids. FEBS Letters 579: 5157-5162.
26. Farrington, M., Brenwald, N. & Haines, D. (1992). Resistance to desiccation and skin fatty acids in outbreak strains of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Journal of Medical Microbiology, 36: 56-60, 1992.
27. Davidson, P.M., Sofos, J.N. & Branen, A.L. (2005). Antimicrobials in foods. 3rd ed. CRC Press (Taylor & Francis Group). Boca Raton. 346-347.
28. Lunde, C.S., Hartouni, S.R., Jane, J.W., Mammen, M., Humphrey, P.P. & Benton B.M. (2009). Telavan disrupts the functional integrity of bacterial cell membrane through targeted interaction with the cell wall precursor lipid 11. Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy. 53:3375-3383
29. Heath, R.J., White, S.W.& Rock, C.O. (2001). Lipid biosynthesis as a target for antibacterial agents. Progress in. Lipid Research. 40:467-497
30. Payne, D.J., Warren, P.V., Holmes, D.J., J.I. & Lonsdale, J.T. (2001). Bacterial fatty-acid biosynthesis a genomic-driven target for antibacterial drug discovery. Discovery Today. 6:537-544.
31. Freese, E., Shew, C.W. & Galliers, E. (1973). Function of lipophilic acids as antimicrobial food additives. Nature, 241: 321–325
32. Greenway, D.L.A. & Dyke, K.G.H. (1979). Mechanism of the inhibitory action of linoleic acid on the growth of Staphylococcus aureus. Journal of General Microbiology, 115:233-245
33. Roy, R.N., Laskar, S. & Sen S.K. (2006). Dibutyl phthalate, the bioactive compound produced by streptomyces albidoflavus 321.2. Microbiological Research.161(2):121-126.
34. Marchetti, L., Sabbieti, M.G., Menghi, M., Materazzi S., Hurley, M.M. & Manghi, G. (2002).Effect of phthalate esters on actin cytoskeleton of Py1a rat osteoblasts.Histology Histopathology. Vol.17 pp.1061-1066.